Eddie MacPherson Middle River
Information on the "Yankees Line"
Transportation problems - snow plows, flooding of the river etc.
Birds in the area
Superstitions about birds, storms etc.

Robert Smith
Early industries at Middle River - grist mills, thrashing mills etc.
Lumbering in the 50's
Community life in the area

D.D. MacRae
Began farming in Middle River in 1980
Tells about moving to C.B., from Alberta

Georgina MacRae
Former R.N., worked with r. C.L. MacMillan
Tells about her nursing career in the area - traveling in all sorts of
weather
D.D. MacRae
The foot bridge they had to use to get Charles School, Middle River
The brige was 275 feet long, hung about 15 feet about the water
Lumbering in the area in the 50's
Social life in the area

Neil MacLennan Benacadie
A funny story about "bull beer"

Aggie MacLennan
How she learned to stepdance
Her brother John MacLean - a violinist and stepdancer
Describes a highlan wedding

Neil MacLennan
Gaelic his first language
His first teacher, Jessie MacKenzie
His expericences in the service, World War Two
The purposes of the C.B. Gaelic Society

Dan MacNeil
2 Songs - Copper and Silver (English) Ho Ro, 'S toil leam fhin thu
The old days, going to ceilihs
The old traing boats
Mary doucette Social like in the old days

MacLean, Joe (Sydney N.S) - Violin selections

Fitzgerald, Winston (Sydney, N.S) - Violin selections

MacEachern, Donald (Sydney, N.S) - Description of wood-chopping frolics at East Bay - tells a good story in Gaelic

Hashem, Lila (Sydney, N.S) - Piano selections

MacNeil, J.C. (Sydney, N.S) - Gaelic song

Cameron, John Allan (Mabou, N.S) - Guitar selection

Ceilidh at MacAdam's Lake (MacAdam's Lake, N.S) - Bonnie Lass of Bonnacord

Cameron, Mae (Sydney, N.S) - Eilean mo Chridhe

Red Hackle Pipe Band (Scotland) - Bagpipe selections

LeBlanc, Paddy (Sydney, N.S) - Violin selections

MacEachern, Donald (Grand Mira, N.S) - Story of a ship built at East Bay by Donald Og and his brother

Gillis, Lauchie (Antigonish, N.S) - A' chuthag

Gillis, Wilfred (Scotland) - Violin selections

Ross, Calum (Scotland) - Far am bidh mi fhin

Gillis, Wilfred (Antigonish, N.S) - Violin selections

MacLean, Joe (Sydney, N.S) - Violin selections

MacDonald, Mr. Eugene:

• They say the women used to carry their own spinning wheels; could you tell us more about the spinning Frolics?
• Returning to the story of the threshing mills, and didn't you mention the word "winnowing" and feeding the fanners?
• The milling frolics were wonderful events - did they always sing Gaelic songs?
• Whom Shall I take on the Irish Ship?
• Song for rolling the cloth
• Was the purpose of the milling to thicken the cloth
• How about a good joke
• Father Rankin questioned about early soap making by the Cape Breton Island (N.S.) women
• Funeral customs
• 9 Gallons of rum

• Ghost stories in Gaelic

  Father John Angus Rankin:

• Ghost stories in English
• Ghost story continued from Side 1
• Another ghost story

• A second sight story

  Bessie Maceachern:

• Am falbh thu leam a ribhinn og
• Mairi ni 'n Domhnuill

• Am Fleasgach Donn

  Billy MacPhee: Violin Selections

Item is an audio recording of Dan A. MacDonald and Neil MacDonald. Includes Gaelic songs, hymns, and stories.

Dan A. MacDonald (Framboise):

"'Se Ceap Breatunn Tir Mo Ghraidh."(Patriotic Song) Composed by Dan A. MacDonald.

'Laithean Sona M'Oige.' (Song of his youth) Composed by Dan A. MacDonald.

"Tell us something about your early industries, schools, churches, etc." Very interesting early history.

Angus and Donald - Travel. (Anecdote--Humour) Related by Dan A. MacDonald.

"Summer Time." Composed and sung by Dan A. Macdonald (Pastoral Song)

Life in early Framboise (Narrative about frolics and pie socials; no pipers in Framboise).

Introduction to our interview by Mrs. Neil MacDonald of Fourchu.

Neil MacDonald (Fourchu):

"D.A. MacDonald looks in the mirror" Composed by D.A. MacDonald about himself. (Humourous Song)

'O Chanada' (Neil MacDonald) (Patriotic Song)

Talented people in Forchu - Composed Poetry even at work; gifted in every way.

Early life in Forchu - History

"Spinning Wheel" (Anecdote)

"Tell me about the early religious life in Forchu - is the early Baptist Church still extant?"

All Protestants are now members of the United Church.

"We would like to have a few words about your early schools."

There is a little story about Captain Hooper. (Anecdote)

"In the Sweet Bye and Bye" - Gaelic - Neil MacDonald accompanied by his wife on a seventy-year-old organ. (Hymnology)

"Nearer My God to Thee" - Gaelic - Neil MacDonald accompanied by his wife on a seventy-year-old organ. (Hymnology)

Dan MacQuarrie of Middle River discusses community and familial history of Middle River and its residents.

Lived in West Side Middle River ; related to Finlayson (grandfather)
Red sandstone, quarry near brook, fieldstone
Three fire places ; interior of Fraser House
Scottish influence ; biographical data
Fraser's, MacRae's, MacCharles'
MacKenzie's House
MacRae - Bitterman House ; Poor wonows, very dark on inside
MacKenzie House
Midle River was prosperous "Everybody was in pretty good shape"
MacRae House - floor plan; Nicholson's raised a big family there
House at low point
Why didn't more people build stone houses?
Church at Middle River
Bard MacLean (see tape 849)
MacTalla ; learned Gaelic from grandmother
Baddeck was very busy
Settlers came through Sydney (N.S.)
Media ; other mason - John MacRae

Item is an audio recording of Donald John MacMullin from Glenmorrison (N.S). He sings a number of Gaelic songs and speaks on local history and stories.

Donald John MacMullin, Gaelic Stories: Relates history of the early days of his people (after their arrival from Scotland) to present days

Ceilidhs

Fishing and different kinds of forests

Pioneer days were hard...

Sowing of grain, threshing

Black Pot

Tha buaidh air an uisge bheatha

Air faill isinn u

Cape Breton Gaelic song - Bi'n deoch bho laimhean mo run

Story of Waterloo Stove

Se mo cheist an Gille donn

Story about Grandfather and great grandfather

Nionag a chuil duim nach fhan thu

Hubi a

Teannaibh dhluth

Cnoc nan t-Sithean - a magic spoon, a dead cow, Why?

Second sight story of people in Mira

Story of pig and dog and Big Donald of the Pig

Discussion of hockey playing

Story of the carpenter in Scotland who wouldn't tell his secret to his son

Hur ri le .. .'s e nighean donn

Fonds consists of essays from an annual essay competition at the University College of Cape Breton, advancing research in traditional history, songs, narrative traditions of Gaelic culture. Essays are arranged by year of competition.

1. 1987/88:
   a. Marilyn Dwyer, "Presenting, The Ancient Tradition of Gaelic Psalm Singing in the Presbyterian Church". Essay includes three tapes with an index. T-3193 (a-b-c)
   b. Kate Dunlay, "Cape Bretoners in Boston: Maintaining Identity".
   c. Donald J. MacNeil, "Cape Breton Folksong Tradition".

2. 1988/89:
   a. Marilyn Dwyer, "An nì nach cluinn mi an diugh chan aithris mi 'maireach, Eòin MacGilliosa MacFhionghuin (Jonathan Gillies MacKinnon)".
   b. Marilyn MacDonald, "Milling Frolics on the North Shore a Look at the Past, Present, and Future". One video tape is included. FT 41
   c. Winnifred J. MacDonald, "Sang abune a' sang" (Collections, Composers, and Fiddlers). One audio tape is included. T-3194

3. 1990: Kathleen Dunlay, "The Playing of Traditional Scottish Music: Old and New - World Styles and Practices".

4. 1991: Jacqueline Ann Dunn,"Tha Blas na Gàidhlig Air A h- Uile Fidhleir". (The Sound of Gaelic is in the Fiddler's Music)

5. 1992: Jeff MacDonald,"Bràighe na H-Aibhne Iarmad mo Shluaigh" (Life and Times of the Scottish Settlers at St. Mary's Parish, River Denys Area.)

6. 1993-1994: Margaret Bennett "Gaelic Song in Eastern Canada: Twentieth Century Reflections"

7. 1994: K. Diane Grant "A Study of the Second Sight in the Highlands and Islands of Scotland and Nova Scotia"

8. 1994: Rannie Gillis "Celtic Education". Family history and an account of how one would be enculturated and socially educated in the Gaelic culture of Cape Breton.

9. 1994: Paula Rice "Mary with the Ewe". Agricultural practices in Scotland and pioneer Cape Breton.

Item consists of audio recordings of Jim Charles Macneil, and Joe Campbell telling Gaelic stories and anecdotes, singing Gaelic songs, and discussing local history, traditions and genealogy.

"The August Gale..." An account of the 1873 August Gale (Joe Campbell)

"The snowslide..." A terrible diaster - many were killed, buried by falling snow. (Joe Campbell)

"Story of my political career..." An account of his twenty years as councillor. (Joe Campbell)

"Tha Fonn air na Mocaisean" Composed by a Cape Bretoner in Newfoundland (Jim Charles MacNeil)

A new way of teaching the alphabet... (Jim Charles MacNeil) (Anecdote--Humourous)

"Thill thu, Iain,an dh'fhuair thu na caoraich..." (Jim Charles MacNeil) (Anecdote--Humourous)

"Railroad won't eat oats..." (Joe Campbell) (Anecdote--Humourous)
Story about the drowning of three men... (Joe Campbell)

A strange story. (Joe Campbell) Priests driving at night were troubled by a strange apparition on the road.

The murder of "Klondike Angus" from Ben Eoin (Joe Campbell )

Continuation of the "Klondike Angus" murder (Joe Campbell)

Note signed by A.D. Morrison, Big Pond,for a Mr. Temple, was dishonoured...A young lawyer, D.A. Cameron, was hired (1896) (Joe Campbell)

"Riley sold himself to the devil..." Riley went to Father MacKeagney for help. (Joe Campbell)

Father Duncan MacDonald's arrival at Big Pond. (Joe Campbell)

"Don MacIsaac's house is on fire!" (Joe Campbell) (Story--Second sight)

Miracle cure in Margaree... (Jim Charles MacNeil)

Story of the mineral spring at Glengarry Road (Jim Charles MacNeil)

"Bhean an tighe..." (Jim Charles MacNeil) Song composed in Big Pond when J.C. MacNeil & family were moving from that area.

Discussion on shipbuilding at Johnstown... (Jim Charles MacNeil & Joe Campbell) The "Annie Laurie" and others.

Cures in Big Pond... (Jim Charles MacNeil)

Father William's cures... (Joe Campbell)

The Atkinson murder... (Joe Campbell)

Storm in Cap Breton in 1905. (Joe Campbell) Storm stopped all mail in C.B.

"'S e Cheap Breatuinn tir mo ghraidh..." (Jim Charles MacNeil) Composed by
D.A. MacDonald, Framboise.

A.W.R. Mackenzie started the Gaelic College at St. Ann's, C.B. (Jim Charles MacNeil)

Mr. MacNeil was principal speaker at the Gaelic Mod, St. Ann's, on Pioneer Day (Jim Charles McNeil)

Early history of the Gaelic Gollege... (Jim Charles MacNeil)

Farewell address to Dame Flora (Jim Charles MacNeil)

A mysterious 'bocan' he saw... (Jim Charles MacNeil)

"Throw that stone into Hades out of my way!..." (Jim Charles MacNeil) (Anecdote--Humourous) "If I do, you'll meet it again!"

"O gurmise th'air mo mhealladh..." (Joe Campbell)

Story of a mail driver's hardships (Joe Campbell)

Noise of a train was heard but there was no train... (Joe Campbell)

Story about a lady from Middle Cape... (Jim Charles MacNeil)

"Fire on the mountain! Run boys, run!" (Jim Charles MacNeil)

Tells a series of legends... (Jim Charles MacNeil)

John Rory MacNeil sings a selection of Gaelic songs and speaks about local history.

Oran na h-aoise

Marbhrann de Mhrs Noble

Biographical info - school years

Continued biographical info - weddings, etc.,

Item is an audio recording at Boisdale N.S. Joseph Lawrence Macdonald, Sarah Cameron, Miss Janet Cameron, Angus Beaton, Finlay Cameron tell discuss lore, history and sing songs.

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Frolics in the home, different types

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Shearing of sheep, processing of wool, milling frolics

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Duties of women

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Grist mill at MacAdam`s Lake, operated by Mr. MacLean

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Best carpenters of the times, MacEacherns, MacDonalds and others

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Three steamships operated out of East Bay, groceries had to be brought in from Halifax, hardwood shipped to England

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Scottish Catholic Society of Canada organized by Father M.A. MacAdam

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Cape Breton Island Co-op. Society was organized at East Bay, 1932

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Mineral spring at East Bay

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Excerpts from Mary L. Frasers book,Folklore of Nova Scotia`.

MacDonald, Joseph L. - East Bay Pirates - Capt. Alex and Dan MacLean. MacLeans sailed the Pacific Ocean (1880-1914) on the sea wolf.

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Primary concern of settlers was the making of a home. Coal mines and steel plant took men from farms to cities and towns.

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Early settlers of Christmas Island (N.S.)

MacDonald, Joseph L. - What were living conditions like

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Tell about the August Gale

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Story of Peter MacNeil

MacDonald, Joseph L. - Story of Malcolm MacPhee

Cameron, Sarah - Biographical sketch

Cameron, Miss Janet - Biographical sketch

Beaton, Angus - Song: O hi ri ill o robha

Cameron, Finlay - Song: Air faill irinn ill irinn oich irinn iu

Beaton, Alexander - Song: O sud an taobh a'gabhainn

Cameron, Sarah - Song: An Te Ruadh

Cameron, Finlay - Song: Tha mi'n diugh gu tinn

Beaton, Angus D. - Song, a lament

Item is a recording of Archie Hector Macdonald speaking about weddings, funerals, churches, food, dress, music, schools, etc. Practically the whole social life of Inverness County (N.S.) .

Item is an audio recording of Roddie F. Nicholson and Patrick Nicholson discussing the history of Rear Beaver Cove.

Nicholson, Patrick (Boston, Worcester)

    The beginnings of the settlement at the Backlands of Beaver Cove
The pioneers brought only two trunks - one for bedclothes, the other for tools
All was lost in a fire...

Nicholson, Rod Beaver Cove:

Settlers took large tracts of land because it was free
Beaver Cove Forty families lived in the Backlands at that time
People were very musical, good dancers

Nicholson, Patrick Boston:

Tracing genealogy
    Marriages were arranged well in the early days
    Food was plentiful
Mills, churns and grindstones...
The history of one particular family

Nicholson, Rod Beaver Cove:

Genealogy of some family
Genealogy of some families
Bagpipes, fiddle and loom in every house
Four children died in one night...
People had faith - walked six miles to church

Nicholson, Patrick Boston:

Parish lesson written on a shingle
The first settlers at Beaver Cove
Schools and teachers in yesteryear
    Church services were all in Gaelic
Archie Gillis got the priest to cure his wife

Nicholson, Rod Beaver Cove:

Priests confiscated violins
Strange stories of second sight
Jack the Lantern - Jack the River
His grandmother's death at the age of ninety four

Item is an audio recording of an interview with Annabelle Mackinnon (nee Gillis) of Gillis' Lake.

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle (Prime Brook) A Story of Life in Pioneer Days Agriculture (Part 1)

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Lumbering to bsupply spars for sailing ships

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Grist Mills

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Dye Mills

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Farming - livestock & crops

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Planting potatoes in burnt woods

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Wool industries - sheep shearing

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle French women grew flax

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle How leather was tanned & its uses

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle A story of Father's MacLeod's boots

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Col. Granger & the Copper mine

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Gaelic speakers & religious education

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Clothing in the pioneer days

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Improvement of crops with coming of commercial fertilizer.

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Story of an agricultural meeting ...

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Dairy products - wooden tubs & butter prints

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle The beginning of Co-operatives

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Farming conditions improved with the start of the Steel Plant

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Barn-raising frolics

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Mary Bevin, a nurse from Man-o-War, delivered babies in Boulardrie area

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Fishing schooners- Fox Island

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Travelling to dances by Ferry

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Fishing lobster through the ice

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Root cellars - how produce was stored

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle The making of soft soap

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Life in the Pioneer Days (cont.) / Priests in Boularderie

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle A farm purchased (200 acres) for $750

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Genealogy of Iain Mor, Boisdale

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Clearing the land - stump fences

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Grist Mill at Malloney's Creek

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Harvesting wheat - threshing and winnowing

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Barley and grinding barley meal

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle How to make cheese

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Preserving butter

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Women's role in the early days

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Shearing sheep...

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Processing wool - carding mills

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Pioneer handicrafts with wool

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Ceilidhs

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Transportation - travelled Big Pond to Boularderie by ice in winter, boats in summer

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Potato crops - the coming of blight & potato bugs

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle How leather was tanned

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Mi'kmaw crafts

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Sea weed and its uses

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle The Government & Sir John A. MacDonald- economic conditions

MacKinnon, Mrs. Annabelle Pensions in today's society

MacNeil, Mrs. Frank Big Pond (N.S.) Biographical sketch

MacNeil, Mrs. Frank Big Pond (N.S.) Mo chaileag bhinn

MacNeil, Mrs. Frank Big Pond (N.S.) Early school days in Big Pond

MacNeil, Mrs. Frank Big Pond (N.S.) How "mogans" were made

MacNeil, Peter East Bay (N.S.) Biographical sketch

MacKenzie, Ann East Bay (N.S.) Biographical sketch

MacKenzie, Mrs. Jessie Big Pond (N.S.) Bheir mi o

MacNeil, Stephen MacAdam's Lake Biographical sketch

MacSween, Stephen MacAdam's Lake Biographical sketch

MacSween, Stephen MacAdam's Lake Story of getting a bottle

MacSween, Stephen MacAdam's Lake Two more Gaelic stories

MacSween, Mrs. Hugh MacAdam's Lake Biographical sketch

MacSween, Dan Joe East Bay (N.S.) Biographical sketch

Materials include:

MacKenzie's English song compositions.
A speech for the meeting of the Nova Scotia and Canadian Associations of Social Workers in which his aunt Jane (Sr. Alexandra) was honored.
The story of the courtship of shy bachelor Donald MacNeil. It is set in late 19th century Christmas Island and references many cultural practices.
Early history of the first settlers to the Barra Strait region including a version of the story of first contact with the Mi'kmaq. Incomplete. Two copies.

Item is an audio recording of Mrs. Archie Kennedy. She speaks on life in Broad Cove and Margaree, education in the area, local lore, and prevalence of Gaelic language especially in the church.

Early days at home in Margaree...

Early school days at Captain Allan's House...School books, studies, school hours, discipline, temperature of school room.

"Hard shoes and woolen stockings" Mogans were pulled over the shoes to keep the feet warm.

Story about the "brocan cruaidh"

A day in school...The day started with a prayer, then the pupils stood in a row and read. Next came the spellings. Places of honour were won according to one's ability to spell. This was an ungraded school.

Teachers and method of teaching. The Friday program.

Nothing was learned in Gaelic in the schools.

The Church in Margaree. Prayers and Catechism all learned in Gaelic.

Item is an audio recording of Stephen J. MacKinnon (Antigonish, N.S) being interviewed by Fred MacAuley (Scotland) for BBC Scotland. Recording includes :

Tells of his ancestors arrival from Scotland

Pioneer life, hardships, social life, etc.

Pioneer industries sawmills, grist mills, lumber

Emigration of young people to U.S. And western Canada

Item is an audio recording of Mrs. Tena Morrison (Baddeck) and Neil MacKay (Big Baddeck) discussing history, lore and genealogy of Bddeck and surrounding areas. Recording includes Gaelic conversation and songs.

MacKay, Neil - Early settlers at Baddeck

MacKay, Neil - MacKay family history

MacKay, Neil - First ministers at Big Baddeck

MacKay, Neil - Early schools, teachers and salaries

MacKay, Neil - Church services in early days

MacKay, Neil - First doctors in Baddeck area

MacKay, Neil - Social life - ceilidhs

MacKay, Neil - First newspaper - The Nova Scotian

MacKay, Neil - Sheep-shearing, milling frolics, marking lambs

Morrison, Mrs. Tena - Home-made dyes and wool dying

MacKay, Neil - Fhear a'Bhata

Morrison, Mrs. Tena - Early days of teaching, schools she taught in, salaries

Morrison, Mrs. Tena - Her father's stories

Morrison, Mrs. Tena - Presbyterian churches at Baddeck and first ministers

Morrison, Mrs. Tena - Pioneer handicrafts

Morrison, Mrs. Tena - Box Socials

Morrison, Mrs. Tena - Ferry service at Baddeck

Morrison, Mrs. Tena - Her recollections of Mr. And Mrs. Alexander Graham Bell

Morrison, Mrs. Tena - The Silver Dart

Morrison, Mrs. Tena - Old landmarks at Baddeck

Morrison, Mrs. Tena - The ice breakers at Baddeck

Morrison, Mrs. Tena - Amazing Grace (Gaelic)

Morrison, Mrs. Tena - Morag a Dunbheagan

MacKay, Neil; Morrison, Mrs. Tena - Ged tha mi gun chrodh gun aighean

Item is an audio recording of interviews with Carl MacKenzie, Charlie MacKenzie, Malcolm MacDonald and Josie Maclean of Washabuck, N.S.

Carl MacKenzie:

His grandfather, Charles "Framer" MacKenzie came from Kintyle, Scotland, first to Margaree, then to Washabuct

Talk about his musical background and family

There is a Washabuct fiddle style

His violin style influenced by Scotty Fitzgerald and Budy MacMaster

Talks about the good old-fashoined home parties

Charlie MacKenzie:

Recites two poems he composed

Talks about his mother washing clothes in the brook years ago

Recites another poem, "Blackbirds", also his own composition

tells of his mother singing Gaelic songs while she worked, spinning etc.

Malcolm MacDonald:

Talks about the old farms, now closed, how hard the pioneers worked

The house ceilidhs; fishing in the area

The store in Washabuct at one time

The Bard MacLean

"Lazy Stick" - a game they played

The browns - tricks people would play on them

Josie MacLean:

The one-room school she attended Formation of the Home & School Association

Joe MacLean :

Talks about Lauchlin MacLean - he arrived from Barra in 1817 - his family

Laughlin MacLean died at the age of 114

Other pioneer familes

Snow storms in previous years

Early mail service - by boat to Baddeck, also by hourse & buggy